827
FXUS63 KIND 022126 AAA
AFDIND

Area Forecast Discussion...UPDATED
National Weather Service Indianapolis IN
526 PM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

.KEY MESSAGES...

- Severe weather likely late today and this evening into the early
  overnight. Tornadoes, widespread damaging winds are likely with
  large hail and flash flooding possible as well

- Flood Watch this evening through Sunday morning with 4 rounds of
  moderate to heavy rain and total rainfall potentially as high as 6-9
  inches

- Wind Advisory through 1 am tonight with wind gusts to 50 mph
  expected

- Widespread, significant river flooding expected late week into
  next week.

&&

.MESOSCALE UPDATE...
Issued at 526 PM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

Deep convective cores have developed along the cold front from
north of Decatur, Illinois to near Saint Louis. Latest extrapolated
timing shows our northwesternmost county (Warren) potentially
impacted by 6:00-7:00pm, and the segment of the line near Saint
Louis arriving in/near the Terre Haute area by around 8:00pm.

The latest storm-scale modeling (WoFs) cycle may not have fully
assimilated convection along the line yet. Regardless, it does
sustain rotation tracks well into Indiana, which fits given the
magnitude of low-level shear. Current thinking is that primary
linear mode will dominate with embedded supercells, and potential
for some line surges and mesovortices/tornadoes. WoFs (nearly a
third of members) and other CAMs are probably overzealous with
discrete initiation ahead of the line. This does not fit the
conceptual model and synoptic pattern very well, especially with
anvil-subsidence now spreading deeper into the warm sector. We`ll
monitor trends closely but it seems low probability at the moment.

Over the next hour or two we will watch evolution to the west. It is
a little early to tell which segment(s) of the line will have the
greatest chance of having embedded rotation and an enhanced tornado
threat. Preliminary thoughts are the discrete supercell that
produced a tornado earlier southwest of Saint Louis will become part
of the line as upscale growth occurs, with rotation potentially
persisting well east into Indiana. Also, early signs of slightly
more favorable line orientation near Saint Louis relative to the low-
level shear vector suggest QLCS/mesovortex potential may be enhanced
the concern for portions of the area. This seems to be lined up with
Vigo and Sullivan counties.

&&

.SHORT TERM (This Evening through Thursday)...
Issued at 152 PM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

A strong mid-latitude cyclone is taking shape over the Midwest
currently, with a broad warm sector setting up across Indiana. The
system`s warm front passed through early this morning with a round
of elevated convection. Winds are now out of the south and
temperatures have climbed into the low 70s as of 1pm, dew points are
near 60F. Continued warm moist advection is expected as we head into
the afternoon hours.

Given the strength of the mid-latitude cyclone, a tight MSLP
gradient has become established over Indiana. Very gusty gradient
winds are developing with gusts already to 45mph at IND, and up to
52mph near Vincennes. High-resolution guidance suggests continued
gusts 45 to 55 mph are likely at times this afternoon.

These strong southerly winds will allow moisture to advect
northward, setting the stage for our convective threat later this
afternoon and evening.

SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL AND HAZARDS

Thunderstorms are ongoing along a cold front across Illinois and
Missouri as of this writing, with eastward propagation expected
through the afternoon hours. Ahead of the line, strong southerly
flow is promoting rapid moisture advection which will help
destabilize the atmosphere, especially in the lower levels. Thick
cirrus from the upstream convection could limit diurnal heating
somewhat...but instability from advection alone will likely be more
than enough to compensate.

Our primary hazard will depend on storm mode, which is a bit tricky
today. Shear vectors are roughly parallel with the initiating
boundary, in this case the system`s cold front...so a linear mode is
preferred. However, there may be enough forcing to overcome weak CIN
within the open warm sector to promote a few discrete cells near and
just ahead of the front / ongoing line of storms.

Model soundings show steep lapse rates with moisture through the
column. Additionally, long curved hodographs indicate large amounts
of wind shear especially in the lower levels. Should a discrete cell
form then it could easily become a supercell with all hazards
possible, including tornadoes and large hail. Tornado potential will
depend on the quality of low-level moisture and near-ground lapse
rates. That being said, mesoscale trends will need to be monitored
very closely as the event unfolds.

As mentioned above, our most likely storm mode will be linear. In
this case, strong damaging winds, potentially significant (over
75mph), are the most likely hazard. A QLCS tornado or two is
possible as well, especially within line breaks, due to the large
amounts of low-level shear present. It is also possible that a mixed
mode occurs where we begin with a few discrete cells before upscale
growth transitions everything into a line.

Lastly, flash flooding is possible as some storm training is
possible. Some of the higher-resolution model runs are depicting 2-4
inches of rain in isolated swaths.

THURSDAY

The cold front mentioned above looks to cross the state during the
night tonight, settling across the Ohio River by around sunrise.
North of the front, cooler temperatures and diminished winds are
expected.

Zooming back out a bit, guidance is showing a deepening trough over
the Rockies with a subtle wave ejecting eastward early Thursday.
This wave then rides the front allowing it to lift northward a bit.
Showers and thunderstorms expand in coverage through the day as
lifting arrives ahead of the wave.

Our flooding threat increases substantially later Thursday and into
the weekend. Though Thursday`s risk depends on how much rain we see
across the region today. More details in the long range discussion
below.

&&

.LONG TERM (Thursday Night through Wednesday)...
Issued at 223 PM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

...MULTIPLE ROUNDS OF HEAVY RAIN THROUGH SUNDAY MORNING...
...SIGNIFICANT FLOODING POSSIBLE...

High confidences concerns for significant flooding across the Ohio
Valley as multiple rounds of moderate to heavy rainfall will impact
the region into Sunday. The frontal boundary that will pass through
the forecast area tonight will becomes quasi-stationary across the
Ohio Valley on Thursday. A highly amplified and blocky upper level
pattern across the country anchored by a deep trough over the
Intermountain West and a strong ridge off the southeast US coast
will place the Ohio Valley within deep southwest flow that will draw
a rich fetch of moisture from both the equatorial Pacific and the
Gulf. Additionally the sharp baroclinic zone that will align north
of the stagnant frontal boundary will further promote strong lift
and convergence with a strong upper jet supporting divergence aloft.
This setup is historically supportive of a prolonged risk for heavy
rainfall and flooding for the Ohio Valley and central Indiana.

Thursday Night through Sunday

The second wave of heavier rainfall and storms for Thursday night
(with tonight being the first) has trended further north into the
forecast area with recent model runs as the boundary is likely to
become nearly stationary just south of the Ohio River. Rain showers
will return as north as early as Thursday afternoon but the
widespread heavier rainfall rates will focus Thursday night. A
strong mid level deformation axis north of the surface front will
lend its weight to enhancing rainfall across the forecast area with
growing confidence in a widespread 1 to 2 inches by Friday morning.
In addition to the rainfall received later today and tonight...these
amounts will lead to exacerbating flooding concerns while only
serving to magnify the impacts from the third and fourth waves of
heavier rainfall set to impact the region Friday night through early
Sunday.

Rainfall coverage will briefly diminish on Friday morning leaving
cloudy skies and a cool...damp easterly flow across much of central
Indiana. The front will shift further north into the region Friday
afternoon with the third wave of rainfall poised to arrive late day
into Friday night as surface waves ride along the boundary. Precip
efficiency levels should be excellent as deep convergence up through
700mb aligns with the axis of highest precip water values above the
climatological max and near 300% of normal for early April. This
will support widespread heavy rainfall over the entire forecast area
all night and into Saturday morning. Additional rainfall amounts of
1 to 3 inches look likely.

Rainfall coverage and rates may diminish briefly again Saturday
morning before the arrival of a stronger surface wave into the
region by late Saturday triggers the fourth and final wave of
rainfall into the Ohio Valley for Saturday afternoon and night with
the frontal boundary shifting back to the southeast of the region as
the night progresses. Despite slightly lower PWAT values...low level
profiles remain ideal for heavy...efficient rainfall to impact the
forecast area for several hours before transitioning to lighter and
more scattered rain late Saturday night as the trailing upper level
trough moves in from the west. Flooding concerns will be maximized
by Friday night and Saturday as even a small amount of rain is
likely to initiate or worsen ongoing flooding.

Temperatures may struggle to climb out of the 40s on Sunday with a
stiff northerly wind and periodic light showers and maybe a
few snowflakes making for a miserable end to the weekend.

Rainfall Amounts and Flooding

To reiterate the four primary waves of rainfall will come...

- This Evening/Early Overnight
- Thursday Night
- Friday Late Day/Friday Night
- Saturday Afternoon/Night

Widespread rainfall amount of 4 to 7 inches are likely across the
forecast area later today through Sunday with highest amounts south.
The potential for up to 8-9 inches may sneak up into far southern
portions of the forecast area as well. These rainfall amounts will
produce significant flooding...especially along rivers...creeks and
streams and within poor drainage areas. High confidence exists that
the heavy rainfall anticipated through Sunday could be one of the
highest impact flooding events for central Indiana over the last 15
years.

A reminder that the Flood Watch will go into effect for the entire
forecast area at 00Z tonight and run through 12Z Sunday and now
covers all of central Indiana.

Monday through Wednesday

Other than a small threat for a few light areas of precipitation
Monday into Tuesday...the pattern will shift to a cooler and drier
regime that likely extends out for much of next week as deep
troughing develops across the eastern part of the country. Highs by
Monday and Tuesday will only range from the mid 40s to mid 50s with
those temperatures persisting out through later next week.

&&

.AVIATION (18Z TAF Issuance)...
Issued at 136 PM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

Impacts:

- Thunderstorms likely this afternoon and evening, possibly severe

- Southwest wind gusts 40 to 45 knots this afternoon

- MVFR and worse conditions possible at times and especially in
  thunderstorms

- Rain returns Thursday afternoon

Discussion:

Generally VFR conditions are present this afternoon ahead of a cold
front located across Illinois. Strong southwesterly winds ahead of
the front are gusting to 45kt. These gusts are expected to continue
through the day.

Convection is firing up along the front and expected to move
eastward with time. Thunderstorms are likely at all terminals with
the potential for severe storms. MVFR conditions are expected when
the main axis of storms pushes through, with locally worse
conditions in heavier storms.

The storms and front exit to the east overnight, leading to a brief
period of quiet conditions before the next round of rain begins
Thursday afternoon. A return to MVFR conditions is possible towards
the end of the TAF period. Winds become westerly behind the front.


&&

.IND WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
Wind Advisory until 1 AM EDT Thursday for INZ021-028>031-035>049-
051>057-060>065-067>072.

Flood Watch through Sunday morning for INZ021-028>031-035>049-
051>057-060>065-067>072.

&&

$$

MESOSCALE...BRB
SHORT TERM...Eckhoff
LONG TERM...Ryan
AVIATION...Eckhoff